This year marks the 30th anniversary of the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity. The second part of the 15th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the CBD will be held in Montreal, Canada, in December.

　　COP15, under the theme of "Ecological Civilization: Building a Shared Future for All Life on Earth", is tasked with formulating and adopting the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, which is of great significance to global biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Holding the COP15 Presidency, China is responsible for the substantive and political affairs of the conference.

　　Biodiversity is critical to human health and well-being. Natural ecosystems absorb and store about one-third of the greenhouse gas emissions human activities release each year, more than two-fourths of the global GDP depends on natural resources, and over 3 billion people depend on marine and coastal biodiversity for their livelihoods. Biodiversity loss at an accelerated pace, which severely threatens human health and the sustainable development of economies and societies, is a critical issue that humanity must face and solve.

　　As an important participant, contributor and leader in the construction of a global ecological civilization, China has long been advancing global biodiversity governance with concrete actions.

　　With the guiding principle of Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization, biodiversity conservation has been elevated to a national strategy in China. By drawing up "redlines" for ecological conservation and stepping up efforts to establish and optimize a system of protected areas with national parks as the mainstay, China has effectively protected 90 percent of typical terrestrial ecosystem types and brought 74 percent of key State-protected wildlife species under effective protection. The concept of an ecological civilization enjoys popular support in China, and harmonious coexistence between man and nature has become a consensus and aspiration of the Chinese people — constantly injecting new impetus into the country's biodiversity conservation.

　　As one of the first countries to sign and ratify the CBD, China has over-fulfilled three of the 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets — an ambitious set of global biodiversity goals that were to be attained by 2020 — and is making solid progress on achieving another 13. Generally, the performance of China in implementing the Aichi targets is better than the global average.

　　Since 2019, China has become the largest contributor to the core budget of the CBD and its Protocols, strongly supporting the operation and implementation of the CBD. In recent years, China has become the largest developing donor country to the Global Environment Facility and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.

　　In October 2021, Chinese President Xi Jinping, eight other heads of state from parties to the CBD, and the secretary-general of the United Nations, attended the Leaders' Summit of the first part of the CBD COP15 held in Kunming, capital of Yunnan province, via video link and delivered keynote speeches. President Xi announced China's initiative to establish a Kunming Biodiversity Fund and take the lead by investing 1.5 billion yuan ($212.7 million) to support biodiversity protection in developing countries. Xi also announced China's first batch of five national parks, among others, in China's biodiversity commitments as the host nation. At the high-level segment, the parties to the CBD adopted the Kunming Declaration. China, with the highest level of political will and leadership, has built consensus to the largest extent, laying a solid foundation for the adoption of the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework — an ambitious, balanced and practical global agreement to halt biodiversity loss and restore nature.

　　China has been vigorously advancing negotiations over the post-2020 GBF, convening a total of 37 COP15 Bureau Meetings and presided over four Working Group Meetings for the post-2020 GBF in collaboration with the CBD Secretariat. Since the conclusion of Part I of COP15, China has been using all sorts of occasions — such as the UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development and the G20 Joint Environment and Climate Ministers' Meeting — as opportunities to coordinate and communicate with all relevant parties on advancing a successful second part of COP15.

　　We must firmly seize the important opportunity of COP15 to arrest and reverse biodiversity loss and make concerted efforts to promote the success of the second part of COP15.

　　The majority of the 196 parties to the CBD are developing nations. We should listen to their voices, uphold the principle that all parties are equal and practice true multilateralism.

　　When formulating the post-2020 GBF, we should uphold the principles of fairness and transparency, take into full consideration the accessibility and feasibility of targets, as well as the development disparity of all countries, demonstrate constructiveness and flexibility in negotiations over the framework, balance the interests of all parties and compromise in moderation on key issues.

　　All countries should shoulder international responsibilities commensurate with their development levels. Developed countries should fulfill the obligations stipulated in the CBD and related protocols, and provide more support for developing countries with regard to funding, technology and capacity-building to make up for the gap in biodiversity governance capability among nations. We advocate more scientific, comprehensive solutions in the design of the post-2020 GBF and its future implementation, so as to offer synergized solutions for such global problems as biodiversity loss, climate change and environmental pollution.

　　Currently, the structure and core content of the post-2020 GBF has been identified. However, due to different social and economic development levels of parties, as well as the difference in major challenges and implementation capacity in biodiversity governance, there still exist controversies on some issues such as resource mobilization, access to and utilization of the digital sequence information of genetic resources and benefit sharing. Therefore, we call on all parties, international organizations and stakeholders to show the utmost political resolve and sincerity, take their responsibilities seriously, and make concerted efforts to adopt an ambitious, balanced and practical GBF in Montreal, so as to lead global biodiversity toward restoration and jointly build a community with a shared future for all life on Earth.

黃潤(rùn)秋

　　今年是聯(lián)合國(guó)《生物多樣性公約》（簡(jiǎn)稱《公約》）通過30周年。中國(guó)作為《公約》締約方大會(huì)第十五次會(huì)議（簡(jiǎn)稱COP15）主席國(guó)，負(fù)責(zé)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)大會(huì)實(shí)質(zhì)性和政治性事務(wù)，繼2021年10月第一階段會(huì)議在中國(guó)云南昆明成功舉辦后，第二階段會(huì)議將于今年12月在加拿大蒙特利爾召開。COP15以“生態(tài)文明：共建地球生命共同體”為主題，旨在制定并通過“2020年后全球生物多樣性框架”（簡(jiǎn)稱“框架”），擘畫未來(lái)10年乃至更長(zhǎng)一個(gè)時(shí)期全球生物多樣性治理的藍(lán)圖，對(duì)全球生物多樣性保護(hù)和可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有十分重大的意義。

　　生物多樣性關(guān)系人類福祉，是人類賴以生存和發(fā)展的重要基礎(chǔ)，是地球生命共同體的血脈和根基。每年全球約1/3的溫室氣體排放被自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)吸收，一半以上的GDP總量依賴自然資源的貢獻(xiàn)，超過30億人的生計(jì)依賴于海洋和沿海的生物多樣性，70%的貧困人口通過農(nóng)業(yè)、漁業(yè)、林業(yè)等活動(dòng)維持生計(jì)。生物多樣性與應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化、糧食安全、全球減貧等可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)存在重要內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，保護(hù)生物多樣性就是保護(hù)人類福祉，促進(jìn)人類可持續(xù)發(fā)展。然而，當(dāng)前地球生態(tài)系統(tǒng)正在遭到破壞，全球生物多樣性正在加速喪失，已嚴(yán)重威脅到人類健康和經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，這是人類面臨的共同挑戰(zhàn)，也是我們必須正視和需要解決的難題。

　　一、生物多樣性保護(hù)，中國(guó)在行動(dòng)

　　中國(guó)高度重視生物多樣性保護(hù)，在習(xí)近平生態(tài)文明思想的指引下，牢固樹立和踐行綠水青山就是金山銀山的理念，將生物多樣性保護(hù)上升為國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略，推行一系列保護(hù)措施，取得顯著成效，促進(jìn)了人與自然和諧共生。

　　建立健全生物多樣性保護(hù)體制機(jī)制和政策體系。2011年，成立生物多樣性保護(hù)國(guó)家委員會(huì)，統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)全國(guó)生物多樣性保護(hù)工作，指導(dǎo)“聯(lián)合國(guó)生物多樣性十年中國(guó)行動(dòng)”；發(fā)布并實(shí)施《中國(guó)生物多樣性保護(hù)戰(zhàn)略與行動(dòng)計(jì)劃（2011—2030年）》及22個(gè)地方生物多樣性保護(hù)戰(zhàn)略與行動(dòng)計(jì)劃。近10年來(lái)，頒布和修訂森林法、草原法、漁業(yè)法、野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)法、種子法、濕地法、長(zhǎng)江保護(hù)法、生物安全法等20多部相關(guān)法律法規(guī)。2020年發(fā)布《全國(guó)重要生態(tài)系統(tǒng)保護(hù)和修復(fù)重大工程總體規(guī)劃（2021—2035年）》，提出到2035年，森林覆蓋率達(dá)到26%，草原綜合植被覆蓋度、濕地保護(hù)率提高到60%，自然海岸線保有率不低于35%，以國(guó)家公園為主體的自然保護(hù)地占陸域國(guó)土面積18%以上，瀕危野生動(dòng)植物及其棲息地得到全面保護(hù)等目標(biāo)。2021年發(fā)布《中國(guó)的生物多樣性保護(hù)》白皮書，全面總結(jié)生物多樣性治理的舉措和成效；出臺(tái)《關(guān)于進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)生物多樣性保護(hù)的意見》，成為全面推進(jìn)中國(guó)生物多樣性保護(hù)工作的綱領(lǐng)性文件。

　　有力落實(shí)生物多樣性保護(hù)舉措。創(chuàng)新開展生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線劃定工作，陸域紅線面積占陸域國(guó)土面積比例超過30%，覆蓋重要生態(tài)區(qū)域。積極推進(jìn)以國(guó)家公園為主體的自然保護(hù)地體系建設(shè)，設(shè)立首批5個(gè)國(guó)家公園，各類自然保護(hù)地總數(shù)近萬(wàn)處，約占陸域國(guó)土面積18%。建立植物園、野生動(dòng)物救護(hù)繁育基地以及種質(zhì)資源庫(kù)、基因庫(kù)等較為完備的遷地保護(hù)體系，成立首個(gè)國(guó)家植物園，建立近200個(gè)植物園（樹木園）、250處野生動(dòng)物救護(hù)繁育基地。初步形成全國(guó)生物多樣性觀測(cè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，建立749個(gè)觀測(cè)樣區(qū)，完成對(duì)全國(guó)高等植物、脊椎動(dòng)物和大型真菌瀕危狀況評(píng)估。加強(qiáng)天然林保護(hù)，推進(jìn)山水林田湖草沙一體化保護(hù)和系統(tǒng)治理，成為全球“增綠”的主力軍。對(duì)長(zhǎng)江等重點(diǎn)流域和水域?qū)嵭薪墩?，?yán)防外來(lái)物種入侵，嚴(yán)厲打擊珍貴瀕危野生動(dòng)植物的走私等。

　　中國(guó)的生物多樣性保護(hù)政策及行動(dòng)有效保護(hù)了90%的陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)類型和74%的國(guó)家重點(diǎn)保護(hù)野生動(dòng)植物種群。在中國(guó)大地上，云南野象自由“旅行”，大熊貓受威脅程度等級(jí)從“瀕危”降為“易危”，“微笑天使”長(zhǎng)江江豚頻頻亮相，三江源國(guó)家公園等地雪豹頻繁現(xiàn)身，“消失”30多年的云貓重現(xiàn)高黎貢山自然保護(hù)區(qū)，青藏高原復(fù)現(xiàn)藏羚羊“萬(wàn)羊齊奔”的壯麗景象。生態(tài)文明理念在中國(guó)深入人心，人與自然和諧共生成為中國(guó)人民的共識(shí)和期盼，從中央到地方、從生態(tài)環(huán)境部門到其他政府部門，從企業(yè)、民間組織到媒體和公眾，對(duì)生物多樣性的重要性都有了更深刻的認(rèn)識(shí)和理解，為中國(guó)的生物多樣性保護(hù)提供源源不斷的前進(jìn)動(dòng)力。

　　二、推動(dòng)全球生物多樣性治理，作出中國(guó)貢獻(xiàn)

　　作為全球生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的重要參與者、貢獻(xiàn)者和引領(lǐng)者，中國(guó)長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)用實(shí)際行動(dòng)積極推動(dòng)全球生物多樣性治理進(jìn)程，為推動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)全球生物多樣性保護(hù)目標(biāo)作出中國(guó)貢獻(xiàn)。

　　作為最早簽署和批準(zhǔn)《公約》的國(guó)家之一，中國(guó)積極履行《公約》及其議定書，“愛知目標(biāo)”（2020年全球生物多樣性目標(biāo)）中的設(shè)立陸地自然保護(hù)區(qū)、恢復(fù)和保障重要生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)、增加生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的復(fù)原力和碳儲(chǔ)量等3項(xiàng)目標(biāo)超額完成，生物多樣性主流化、可持續(xù)管理農(nóng)林漁業(yè)、可持續(xù)生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)等13項(xiàng)目標(biāo)取得良好進(jìn)展，總體好于全球平均水平。2019年起，中國(guó)成為《公約》及其議定書核心預(yù)算的最大捐助國(guó)，有力地支持了《公約》的運(yùn)作和執(zhí)行，并且多年來(lái)一直是向全球環(huán)境基金（GEF）、生物多樣性和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)政府間科學(xué)—政策平臺(tái)（IPBES）捐資最多的發(fā)展中國(guó)家。

　　申辦COP15是中國(guó)致力于推動(dòng)和引領(lǐng)全球生物多樣性進(jìn)程的使命所然。在COP15第一階段會(huì)議上，中國(guó)國(guó)家主席習(xí)近平和其他8位締約方國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人、聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書長(zhǎng)視頻出席并發(fā)表主旨講話。習(xí)近平主席宣布中國(guó)率先出資15億元成立昆明生物多樣性基金，正式設(shè)立第一批國(guó)家公園，出臺(tái)碳達(dá)峰、碳中和“1+N”政策體系等一系列東道國(guó)舉措，展示了中國(guó)的決心與行動(dòng)，對(duì)國(guó)際社會(huì)起到了示范引領(lǐng)作用。大會(huì)通過了《昆明宣言》，為推進(jìn)全球生物多樣性治理注入強(qiáng)大信心和政治推動(dòng)力。中國(guó)以最高級(jí)別的政治意愿和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力，凝聚最廣泛共識(shí)，為推動(dòng)達(dá)成兼具雄心和務(wù)實(shí)平衡的“框架”奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。

　　作為COP15主席國(guó)，中國(guó)一直積極推動(dòng)“框架”磋商進(jìn)程，已組織召開了36次COP15主席團(tuán)會(huì)議，并與《公約》秘書處一道先后在日內(nèi)瓦、內(nèi)羅畢等地主持召開了4次“框架”工作組會(huì)議，為推動(dòng)“框架”磋商作出重要努力。自第一階段會(huì)議結(jié)束以來(lái)，中國(guó)利用聯(lián)合國(guó)可持續(xù)發(fā)展高級(jí)別政治論壇、20國(guó)集團(tuán)環(huán)境與氣候部長(zhǎng)聯(lián)席會(huì)議、第77屆聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)高級(jí)別周、《聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候變化框架公約》第27次締約方會(huì)議生物多樣性日等場(chǎng)合和時(shí)機(jī)，組織召開COP15重要議題交流會(huì)、高級(jí)別圓桌會(huì)等，與各國(guó)就推動(dòng)COP15第二階段會(huì)議成功召開進(jìn)行溝通協(xié)調(diào)，有效提振了COP15政治勢(shì)頭。

　　三、呵護(hù)藍(lán)色地球，需要全球攜手

　　COP15及正在制定的“框架”將推動(dòng)生物多樣性保護(hù)在經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展中的主流化進(jìn)程，使全人類能夠享受生物多樣性為減少貧困、維護(hù)糧食安全、促進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展帶來(lái)的惠益。我們必須牢牢把握COP15扭轉(zhuǎn)全球生物多樣性喪失的重要契機(jī)，牢牢守住綠色可持續(xù)發(fā)展的前進(jìn)方向，共同努力推動(dòng)COP15第二階段會(huì)議取得成功。

　　一是堅(jiān)持多邊主義。生物多樣性治理是一項(xiàng)全球系統(tǒng)工程，只有確保廣泛參與，才能取得真正實(shí)效。《公約》196個(gè)締約方以發(fā)展中國(guó)家占多數(shù)，他們?cè)诒Ｗo(hù)生物多樣性、維護(hù)國(guó)際法等方面發(fā)揮著重要作用，我們主張傾聽他們的聲音，重視他們的訴求，堅(jiān)持締約方不分大小、強(qiáng)弱、貧富一律平等，維護(hù)國(guó)際法的權(quán)威性和普遍適用性，踐行真正的多邊主義。

　　二是堅(jiān)持務(wù)實(shí)合作。各國(guó)國(guó)情不同，在經(jīng)濟(jì)、技術(shù)、管理等方面的差異明顯。我們主張?jiān)谥贫?ldquo;框架”時(shí)，堅(jiān)持公正、透明、締約方驅(qū)動(dòng)的原則，充分吸取和借鑒“愛知目標(biāo)”執(zhí)行中的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn)，充分考慮目標(biāo)的可達(dá)性、可操作性以及各國(guó)的發(fā)展差異，在“框架”磋商中展現(xiàn)建設(shè)性和靈活性，在重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)議題上兼顧各方訴求并適當(dāng)妥協(xié)，達(dá)成各方均能接受的折中方案，平衡體現(xiàn)《公約》3大目標(biāo)。

　　三是堅(jiān)持基于規(guī)則行事。全球生物多樣性保護(hù)面臨巨大的資金缺口，充足可靠的資金來(lái)源對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)“框架”雄心至關(guān)重要。我們主張積極承擔(dān)與發(fā)展水平相稱的國(guó)際責(zé)任，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家應(yīng)切實(shí)履行《公約》義務(wù)，在資金、技術(shù)、能力建設(shè)等方面為發(fā)展中國(guó)家提供更多支持，彌補(bǔ)國(guó)家間生物多樣性治理能力的差距。中國(guó)將深化“一帶一路”生態(tài)環(huán)境合作和“南南合作”等，積極向其他發(fā)展中國(guó)家和不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家提供力所能及的援助。

　　四是堅(jiān)持協(xié)同治理。中國(guó)積極踐行協(xié)同治理并在實(shí)踐中受益。我們主張協(xié)同打造更牢固的全球生態(tài)安全屏障，加強(qiáng)生物多樣性保護(hù)與執(zhí)行聯(lián)合國(guó)《2030年可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程》之間的協(xié)同，加強(qiáng)聯(lián)合國(guó)《生物多樣性公約》(UNCBD)與《聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候變化框架公約》(UNFCCC)、《聯(lián)合國(guó)防治荒漠化公約》(UNCCD)等的協(xié)同，在“框架”設(shè)計(jì)及未來(lái)實(shí)施進(jìn)程中提出更多科學(xué)的綜合解決方案，協(xié)同應(yīng)對(duì)生物多樣性喪失、氣候變化和環(huán)境污染等全球性問題。

　　目前，在中國(guó)的積極協(xié)調(diào)和多方共同努力下，“框架”結(jié)構(gòu)和核心內(nèi)容已確定。但由于196個(gè)締約方經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展水平差異較大，生物多樣性治理面臨的主要挑戰(zhàn)和執(zhí)行能力各異，在資源調(diào)動(dòng)、遺傳資源數(shù)字序列信息的獲取利用和惠益分享等重點(diǎn)議題上仍存在一些爭(zhēng)議。為此，我們真誠(chéng)呼吁，各締約方與國(guó)際組織和利益攸關(guān)方密切合作，展現(xiàn)最大的政治決心和誠(chéng)意，嚴(yán)肅對(duì)待肩負(fù)的重要責(zé)任，共同努力在COP15第二階段會(huì)議上順利通過國(guó)際社會(huì)期待已久的、兼具雄心和務(wù)實(shí)平衡的“框架”，引領(lǐng)全球生物多樣性走向恢復(fù)之路，共建地球生命共同體！

　　來(lái)源 | 中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)